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Residential Wood Heating
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Хвойные (Мягкие сорта древесины)
Все названия древесины являются производными от названия деревьев
и классифицируются по следующим ботаническим названиям, например
Gymnospermae, такие как Abies, Araucaria, Cedrus, Chamaecyparis,
Cupressus, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Thuja, Tsuga, и т.д. В общем
именуются как мягкие сорта древесины. Лиственные (твердые
сорта древесины)
Все названия древесины являются производными от названия деревьев
и классифицируются по следующим ботаническим названиям, например
Angiospermae, такие как Acer, Dipterocarpus, Entandroprhagma,
Eucalyptus, Fagus, Populus, Quercus, Shorea, Swietonia, Tectona,
и т.д. В общем, именуются как твердые сорта древесины.
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| Further
informations Firewood rating |
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| Burn firewood in CARBOROBOT
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The firewood we can use in
CARBOROBOT Farmer and CARBOROBOT Impulse boilers. This boilers
have separate gasification burning chamber to burn woo,
bio briquette and other solid chunky materials. The burning
process in the boiler occur in impulse mode. The firewood
burn with high speed and high power. This impulse mode allow
burn wood wery clean. The heat will be shepherd to the buffer
accumlator
The drier your wood is, the better
and cleaner it will burn, and the less creosote buildup you
will have. Your stove or chimney cleaning needs will not be
as frequent, and above all, you will limit yourself and your
family to the minimum risk of having a chimney or stove fire.
Wood ash does not contain nitrogen. The largest component
of wood ash (about 25 percent) is calcium carbonate, a common
liming material that increases soil alkalinity. Wood ash has
a very fine particle size, so it reacts rapidly and completely
in the soil. Although small amounts of nutrients are applied
with wood ash, the main effect is that of a liming agent.
Applying small amounts of wood ash to most soils will not
adversely affect your garden crops, and the ash does help
replenish some nutrients. But because wood ash increases soil
pH, adding large amounts can do more harm than good. You can
apply wood ash at low rates to a garden usually lower than
20 lbs per 1000 sq ft (five gallon pail) with few detrimental
effects. NEVER treat firewood with any type of pesticide.
When you burn the wood, toxic fumes could be produced.
You should only burn clean, uncoated, non-salt-laden, untreated
wood. Don't burn painted, stained, creosote treated
wood or wood that has been pressure treated with preservatives
(these usually tint the wood green or brown). Most shipping
wood is treated with one or more of the following: fire retardant;
insecticide; fungicide. The arsenic treatments were easy to
spot being green...now copper compounds are used. Insecticides
are not easy to detect. Fire retardants result in a brownish
or rust colored stain. We have noticed that sometimes even
stickers (for under bunks of lumber) are treated. Newspaper
logs, particularly using the copper sulfate and salt concoction
you mention, would give off toxic emissions certainly laced
with dioxin since dioxin is produced during the combustion
of organic material, especially in the presence of salt. Dioxin
is a persistent, bioaccumulating toxin. You don't want dioxin
emissions in your neighborhood.
Сжигание загрязненного дерева,
например, городских древесных отходов и отходов, полученных
при сносе деревянных сооружений, следует строго ограничить
установками, оборудованными эффективными устройствами очистки
отходящих газов, таких как мусоросжигательные заводы (см.
Раздел V.A настоящих руководящих принципов) (Nussbaumer, 2003).
Don't burn plastics, PE or PVC bottles, paints, waste oil
vele.
Further informations CARBOROBOT Farmer
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| Measure of firewood |
Conversions:
1 cord = 128 cubic feet (ft3)
8' x 4' x 4' stack of wood = 1 cord
half cord = 1/2 cord = 64 cubic feet
quarter cord = 1/4 cord = 32 cubic feet
1 stere = 1 cubic meter (m3) = ~0.276 cords
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What is a Firewood Cord?
Firewood sales terminology is explained here!
Firewood cord? If you're like me, the first time you try to
buy firewood, you are confused about all the terminology.
In the US most large lots of firewood are described as a cord
or some part of a cord, such as a half cord or quarter cord.
What are these measurements and how do we compare them to
smaller amounts? For example, at my local grocery store, they
have firewood sales which are small bundles of wood that are
0.9 cubic feet of almond wood each. It would be nice to be
able to compare this 0.9 cubic feet to a cord to see if I
am paying a fair price.
Below are some terms and conversions explained for a firewood
cord and other frequently used measurements in firewood sales.
Generally, firewood measurements are based on a volume of
wood, as in the cord or stere:
Firewood cord: A cord is a measure of firewood
which is used pretty much throughout the United States. A
cord equals 128 cubic feet (ft3) which is the same as a wood
pile of 4 foot-long logs stacked 8 feet wide and 4 feet high
(8' x 4' x 4'). This is the most commonly used measurement
for firewood sales in the US although be careful to not confuse
it with a "face cord" as described below. Many firewood
sales are based on smaller units than the cord. For example,
it is common to sell half cords or quarter cords. A half cord
is simply 1/2 the volume of a full cord while a quarter cord
is 1/4 the volume of a firewood cord. Therefore 2 half cords
equals one cord and 4 quarter cords equals one cord.
Face cord: In some areas you may see wood labeled
as a face cord, rather than a firewood cord. This is not legally
defined and varies from one area to another. The size of these
"face cords" can vary tremendously! So be careful
when buying wood and make sure you are getting prices for
a true firewood cord and not a smaller face cord.
Firewood bundle: It is common to see smaller
boxes or bundles of woods at local supermarkets or home supply
warehouses. These are not regulated and you have to look at
each shipper's packaging to determine the amount of wood contained
within. In my area, it is most common to see 0.9 cubic foot
bundles, but I've also seen up to 1.5 cubic foot bundles.
To determine the price per cord, you'll need to use the conversion
from cubic feet to firewood cord.
Metric system (stere): In the metric system
(not often used in the US but commonly in Europe, Canada and
other countries), firewood sales are not based on a firewood
cord and are rather based on the stere. The stere is one cubic
meter (1 m3) which is roughly ~0.276 cords.
Australia (tonne): In Australia, firewood is
not sold as a firewood cord, it is sold by the tonne. A tonne
is a measurement of weight, not volume as the stere and firewood
cord are, so it is not exactly easy to convert. The conversion
from cord to tonne will depend on the density of wood as some
woods are heavier than others per unit of volume.
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| Splitting the differences
in firewood types |
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A Mike McClintock Special to
The Plain Dealer
Burn wood occasionally and you can tolerate
extravagant prices on little bundles at the supermarket. Burn
wood more often and you'll need to buy larger quantities.
And as fuel prices continue to escalate, many people are doing
just that. A recent survey by the Emerson Electric Co. found
that almost 25 percent of homeowners are supplementing their
central heating with wood and other alternative energy sources.
But buying firewood can get complicated. There are full cords,
face cords and fireplace cords, plus seasoned versus unseasoned
and hardwood versus softwood. Here are nine ways to sort through
the options.
Full cords. A true cord is a stacked, unsplit pile that measures
4 feet by 4 feet by 8 feet - a practical size that dates from
Colonial times. According to the New Hampshire Agricultural
Extension Service, Colonials cut firewood in 4-foot lengths
because it was a size people could handle. They stacked the
logs in 8-foot piles because that was about all a team of
horses could haul.
Face cords. The amount varies because this term refers only
to the face of a 4-by-8-foot stack. A face cord of 2-foot
logs for a large fireplace is half the depth of a full cord
and therefore about half a cord. A face cord of 12-inch logs
for a small wood stove is one-quarter the depth and therefore
about one-quarter of a cord.
Fireplace cords. This measure is based on a 4-by-8-foot stack
cut to standard burning length of 16 inches. That's one-third
the 4-foot depth of a full cord, so you're getting about one-third
of a cord.
Split cords. Split wood nestles more closely together than
full logs. Cut to 16 inches, a split pile is about 15 percent
smaller than the same wood stacked unsplit. Cut to 12 inches,
a split pile can be about 25 percent smaller.
Dumped wood. It's difficult to judge a jumble of logs dumped
in the driveway. So on your first order from a firewood dealer,
consider paying extra for stacking. If you're buying hardwood
you'll be able to spot pine or other softwoods padding out
the load. Once the wood is stacked, you'll also see if you
got the amount you paid for.
Box stacking. Open, box-pattern stacking makes sense if you're
storing unseasoned wood to air dry. But to judge cord size,
logs should be nestled together. If you're buying seasoned
wood for burning, don't let a supplier box stack. It can pack
out the pile by 50 percent.
Wood by weight. Selling wood by weight instead of by the cord
is another blind alley. Even if the supplier has a scale that
can calculate tons, you sure don't so there's no way to check.
Also, the weight of wood varies a lot. Dense hardwoods can
weigh 4,000 pounds or more to a cord while a cord of softwood,
such as white pine or aspen, often weighs half as much.
Hardwood vs. softwood. Hardwood is more dense than softwood,
or taken another way, there's more wood inside - and more
heat. A cord of softwood often contains 10 million to 15 million
BTU's, but the same volume of hardwood often contains over
20 million BTU's. Hickory, white oak, red oak, maple and other
hardwoods cost more, of course. But they also burn cleaner
(producing less creosote) and burn longer so you don't have
to feed the fire as often as you do with softwood.
Seasoned vs. unseasoned wood. Whatever wood you buy - hard,
soft, cut, split - you'll get hassles instead of heat unless
it's seasoned. That means stacked to dry, generally for at
least a year and longer for some hardwoods. (After four or
five years, most cut logs start to deteriorate - and sooner
if they're not protected from the weather.) Seasoning has
such an impact on heat that you would be better off with a
cord of softwood that's dry than a cord of hardwood that's
green. Recently cut wood can be more than one- third moisture
by weight; and when green wood burns, a lot of its potential
energy is consumed, converting that moisture to water vapor
instead of heat. You could split open a log to see if the
wood grain inside is wet or dry. But you can spot unseasoned
wood by its tight-fitting bark and spongy end grain. Seasoned
wood generally has looser, more brittle bark and a spider-web
pattern of drying marks on the ends of the logs.

Firewood
Seasoning (drying)
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Firewood Seasoning (drying) - Most of us
that live in the city buy our firewood from a firewood sales
specialist who supplies pre-seasoned wood. Seasoned firewood
is dried out (often up to a year or more) so that it lights
easier and burns hotter. Wet or "green" wood is
not as good for building a fire. However, if you have access
to fresh wood which has just been chopped, you can use your
firewood rack to season your wood yourself.
The same principles apply to other wood storage, but it is
even more important to keep your wood well insulated from
ground water, termites and rain. You can use your regular
storage rack but make sure the wood is not touching the ground
and that there is as much airflow around your wood as possible.
The airflow will help to dry out the wood faster. Ideally,
fresh wood should sit in this condition for a year to be fully
seasoned. However, after several months, most wood is okay
to burn but may be a bit harder to light and will not give
off as much heat. Remember, when you burn wood, the energy
of the fire goes first to burning off the water in the wood!
Only the energy that is left after this is what is given off
as heat.
Stack your wood off the ground in an unheated shelter to help
control insects. Store little or no firewood in the house.
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